During the 1970's the United States underwent some profound changes. First a Vice President and then a President  resigned under threat of impeachment.  The Vietnam War continued to divide the country even after the Paris Peace Accords in January 1973 put an end to U.S. military participation in the war.  Roe v. Wade legalized abortion.  Crime increased despite Nixon's pledge to make law and order a top priority of his presidency.  Increased immigration followed passage of the Immigration Act of 1965, which reformed an earlier policy that favored western Europeans.  

People from Third World countries came to this country in search of economic betterment or to escape political repression.  Women, minorities, and  gays increasingly demanded full legal equality and privileges in society.  Women expanded their involvement in politics.  The proportion of women in state legislatures tripled.  Women surpassed men in college enrollment in 1979.  However, the rising divorce rate left an increasing number of women as sole breadwinners and forced more and more of them into poverty.  

African-Americans also made their presence felt as the number of black members in Congress increased, and cities such as Los Angeles, Detroit, and Atlanta elected their first African-American mayors.  Affirmative action became a controversial policy as minorities and women asserted their rights to jobs and quality education.  Native Americans began to demand attention to their plight.  In 1975 the Indian Self-Determination Act encouraged Indians to take control of their own education and promote their tribal customs.

Presidents:  Richard M. Nixon (1969-1974),  Gerald Ford (1974-1977), and Jimmy Carter (1977-1981). Houston's U.S. Representative  Barbara Jordan gained national prominence with her eloquence during the Watergate investigation and hearings which resulted in impeachment proceedings against Nixon.


IMPORTANT HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL EVENTS

22 April 1970 First "Earth Day" celebrated as environmental movement launched. 
4 May 1970 Four students killed when National Guardsmen opened fire during anti-war demonstrations at Kent State University in Ohio. 
28 June 1970
First Gay Pride march held in New York City commemorating the first anniversary of the Stonewall Rebellion, considered to be the beginning of the moderm GLBT movement.
24 April 1971 Huge anti-war march in Washington, D.C. 

1971
Daniel Ellsberg leaks the Pentagon Papers,  massive collection of top-secret government documents, whose publication helps to discredit the Vietnam War policies of the Nixon administration.
17 May 1972 Republican agents burglarize Democratic headquarters at Watergate.
29 May 1972 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) signed by U.S. & Soviets.
5,6 September 1972 Nineteen killed in terrorist siege at Munich Olympic Games
1973 Arab oil embargo causes severe shortage and energy prices skyrocket
22 January 1973 Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision legalizes abortion
10 October 1973 Amid charges of corruption and scandal, VP Spiro Agnew pleads no contest to income tax evasion and resigns from office. 
6 December 1973 Gerald Ford, congressman from Michigan, becomes the new vice president. 
1974 Economy in worst recession in 40 years. 
9 August 1974 Ford becomes the thirty-eighth president after Richard Nixon, facing impeachment charges, is forced to resign
1975 United Nations declares International Year of the Woman.
30 April 1975 South Vietnam falls to Communist forces of North Vietnam.
4 July 1976 The country commemorates the 200th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence with a spectacular bicentennial celebration
1978 Residents of Love Canal, NY, evacuated due to dangerous toxic chemicals buried in the area.
19 November 1978. American religious cult leader Jim Jones and 900 Peoples Temple followers die in mass suicide in Jonestown, Guyana. 
28 March 1979 Radioactive leak at Three Mile Island nuclear power plant.
4 November 1979
Iranian militant students seize the U.S. embassy in Tehran capturing 66 hostages and setting off an intense standoff that lasted 444-days.


PEOPLE  
Cesar Chavez Organized farm workers to demand higher wages, health insurance, and other benefits for migrant workers in California. 
Shirley Chisholm First African-American woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives; ran for the office of President of the United States in 1972.
Patty Hearst Granddaughter of newspaper mogul, William Randolph Hearst,  kidnapped by the Symbionese Liberation Army, and subsequently participated with the SLA in an armed robbery of a San Francisco bank.
Jesse Jackson A leader in the civil rights movement who founded PUSH (People United to Save Humanity) in 1971.
George McGovern The senator from South Dakota who was the Democratic Party nominee for President in 1972.
Karen Silkwood An employee of the Kerr-McGee nuclear processing plant who was killed in a car crash on the way to a meeting with a New York Times reporter to reveal evidence of unsafe and illegal practices at the nuclear plant.
Benjamin Spock A pediatrician, author, and social reformer whose permissive philosophy in his influential book, The Common Sense of Baby Care, was blamed for a wide range of social problems in the 1970's.
George Wallace Governor of Alabama; shot and paralyzed from the waist down while campaigning for the presidency in 1972 on an anti-bussing, law and order platform.
Andrew Young First African-American voted into the U.S. House of Representatives from the deep South since 1898.


LINKS




Fads of the 1970's

Flare Jeans
Flare jeans are denim pants which, like boot-cut jeans, angle out below the knee, but much more so, creating a bell-like shape at the hem.
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Trans Am automobiles

A muscle car that became popular after the movie 'Smokey & the Bandit' which starred Burt Reynolds and Sally Field.
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Star Wars action figures
After the popular Star Wars movies there was a cult following with many fans who couldn't get enough of their favorite characters. Many youths started collecting action figures of Darth Vader, Luke Skywalker, Han Solo and more.
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Gee Your Hair Smells Terrific
A popular shampoo that makes your hair smell 'terrific' after you used it.

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Happy Days - The

A hit tv show about life in the 1950's. Fonzie was a James Dean type ultra cool guy who rode a motorcycle and could always get a date.
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Dashboard Hula Girls
A small hula girl doll that attached to your car dashboard and danced when the car moved.Made popular by California surfers.
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Cork Pop Guns
When you would shoot it, the cork would pop out and hit your assailant.
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Rocky Horror Picture Show
For well over 25 years, fans have flocked to midnight screenings of the Rocky Horror Picture Show. The original movie came out in 1973 as a British musical. It was then turned into a motion picture, which was released around the time of the dying our glam rock scene. Then, it was to be screened "only" at midnight, later the decision turned out to be a stroke of genius. Midnight movie going had become popular among young film buffs and turned the movie into an instant cult classic.
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Glass Eating
Glass was not safe around Tim Rossovich, an all-pro linebacker for the Philadelphia Eagles. Rossovich liked to show the public how tough he was by eating beer mugs and light bulbs. As an undergrad at the University of Southern California, Rossovich was infamous for pulling crazy stunts. But it wasn't until his pro career was underway that his strangest stunt received media coverage. He amazed spectators with his ability to snack on glass without killing himself. Then a sophomore at Harvard University decided to challenge his prowess by munching a light bulb himself. Soon, other students were following suit. But Harvard authorities quickly terminated the budding trend, and the fun was over.
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EST Therapy
When feeling insecure or unhappy with your life, people would have others just verbally abuse and degrade them until you felt worthless. Then they would be rebuilt and reborn as a useful member of society. Basic tenets of EST is (Erhard Seminars Training), a therapy developed by an encyclopedia salesman named Warner Erhard. His first training sessions were held in a small apartment, soon to take place in the conference rooms of expensive hotels.
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Acupuncture
Found by President Nixon in 1971 on a trip to Mainland China. He returned home and brought with him a new acceptance of many things Chinese - including approaches to medicine. Its proponents believe that an imbalance in the body's tch'i (energy), the result of illness or injury, can be adjusted by inserting needles into certain strategic acupuncture points. There are over 900 of these points. Many have claimed that acupuncture works when no other type of medical treatment or procedure seems to do the trick. Also has been used to control diet and as an anesthetic.
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Disco Music
Saturday Night Fever (John Travolta), ABBA, Donna Summer, The Village People, Dance Fever, Bee Gees.
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The video game
revolution began with Pong in 1972, which spawned Atari (1978) and those little hand-held football games.
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Mopeds
In 1974, the United States was in the midst of a national fuel crisis due to the OPEC oil embargo. Travelers were forced to wait in lines for hours just to get a tank of gas. Most cars to that point were not very fuel-efficient and people looked for a new method of transportation, which could allow them to travel efficiently and reasonably.

The moped, which was half bicycle / half motorcycle had existed for years in Europe but had not made it to the United States, in part because of safety restrictions implemented by the Department of Transportation. In 1972, Serge Seguin of France wrote his Masters thesis on the European moped. After receiving two mopeds and a small amount of money from a company called Motobecane, Seguin traveled throughout the United States promoting the vehicle. After lobbying Congress on its fuel efficiency benefits, Seguin was able to get more than 30 states to devise a specific vehicle classification for the bikes.

The bikes had very small engines and often could not exceed 40 miles per hours. What they could do, however, was run for up to 220 miles on one tank of gas. Because of the problems caused by the aforementioned energy crisis, mopeds caught on like wildfire, with more than 250,000 people in the United States owning one in 1977. Alas, as gas prices eventually moved down and automobile companies devised more efficient cars, the mopeds popularity and usefulness began to fade.
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Pet Rocks
More than a million people bought Pet Rocks as Christmas gifts in 1975. Gary Dahl, of Los Gatos, California, had the idea while joking with friends about his easy-to-care-for pet, a rock. This pet ate nothing and didn't bark or chew the furniture. Pet Rocks were sold with a funny manual that included tips on how to handle an excited rock and how to teach it tricks. By 1976, Gary Dahl was a millionaire and Pet Rocks were the nation's favorite pet.
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Wizzers
They looked like a top and you could roll the tip across the floor to get just the tip spinning and then set it down and watch it go.
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Sayings
Do Your Own Thing!: - Be yourself! Do what you want to do. "I got a few acres out in the country where I can do my own thing".
Laid Back: - Someone relaxed, easygoing. A place that's cool. "I've been to the commune, it's real laid back."
Dig It : - To understand. "Dig it?" To like something. "I really dig the Monkees."
If it feels good ...do it: - Don't be inhibited, explore what life has in store for you


Streakers
People started the craze of taking off all their clothes and running across the field at major sporting events. A streaker ran across the stage of the Oscars in 1973 while it was being broadcast live on TV. There was even a 1970's song written about streakers called "The Streaker". Streaking was popular for only a couple years and soon faded, probably because people were being arrested for streaking.
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String Art
Considered to be pop art, this fad was a challenge. You could choose from a variety of unassembled kits ranging from ships to animals. The kits included a board (often covered in black velvet), nails, and enough string that had to be wound around the nails as instructed. They took many hours to complete and could hung on the wall as a conversation piece.
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8-Track Tape Player
Developed as a car accessory to give drivers an alternate to listening to radio stations so they could listen to their own song selections. Motorola manufactured the first players, which were installed in Ford automobiles. Many record companies were quick to put many of their artists on the new format, but by the mid 1970's, most record labels had stopped producing music in 8-Track tape format because the quality was not good and they were bulky and inconvenient. Cassette tapes and vinyl records replaced 8-Tracks by the late 1970's.
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Earth Shoes
Earth Shoes were designed to promote a natural and healthier way of walking. Wearing the shoes would result in a better posture and help with back pain and breathing.
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